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7 These cells express several inhibitory molecules such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 ephrins, 14, 15 semaphorins, 16, 17, 18 tenascins, 19 which are thought to be major impediment for axonal regeneration. While GFAP immunoreactivity is often used to label glial scar, glial scar could be composed of many additional cells including oligodendrocytic lineage cells, microglia, macrophages, stromal cells, fibroblasts, leptomengingeal cells, and Schwann cells.
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5, 6 Moreover, soon after SCI, a rim of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive cells is often found to be deposited surrounding the lesion area forming glial scar walls. Failure of nerve regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) root from attenuated axonal growth potential, which is intrinsic to CNS neurons, as well as inhibitory CNS injury environment, which is filled with myelin debris, inflammatory cytokines, and cells producing inhibitory molecules, 1, 2, 3, 4 all are detrimental to successful regeneration. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating medical condition often leading to paralysis, currently with no effective treatment. Taken together, after lesion core clearance, NT3-chitosan can be used to enable chronic-SCI repair and MR-DTI-based mapping of lesion area and monitoring of ongoing regeneration can potentially be implemented in clinical studies for subacute/chronic-SCI repair. In contrast, cystic tissue extraction without scar trimming followed by NT3-chitosan injection, resulted in little, if any regeneration. Clearance of the lesion core via suction of cystic tissues and trimming of solid scar tissues before introducing NT3-chitosan using either a rigid tubular scaffold or a soft gel form led to robust neural regeneration, which interconnected the severed ascending and descending axons and accompanied with electrophysiological and motor functional recovery. Here we report, in a chronic complete SCI rat model, establishment of magnetic resonance-diffusion tensor imaging (MR-DTI) methods to monitor spatial and temporal changes of the lesion area, which matched well with anatomical analyses. Compared with the fresh wound of acute SCI, how to handle the lesion core and glial scars is a major issue related to chronic-SCI repair. Due to the negative effect of inhibitory molecules in glial scar on axonal regeneration, however, the role of NT3-chitosan in the treatment of chronic SCI remains unclear. We have previously shown that NT3-chitosan could trigger an acute SCI repairment in rats and non-human primates. Our experimental results indicate that the whole tensor based registration method within the DTI-ToolKit (DTI-TK) shows the best performance for our application.Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe damage usually leading to limb dysesthesia, motor dysfunction, and other physiological disability.
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To evaluate the performance of one linear and seven nonlinear commonly used registration algorithms for DTI we propose the use of two novel evaluation metrics: a regional matching quality criterion incorporating the local tensor orientation similarity, and a fiber property profile based metric using normative correlation. The neonate atlas is based on 377 healthy control subjects, generated using an unbiased diffeomorphic atlas building method. The DTI scans of 10 age-matched neonates with infantile Krabbe disease are mapped into an atlas for the analysis of major fiber tracts - the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum, the internal capsules tracts and the uncinate fasciculi. To study neonate Krabbe disease with DTI, we evaluate the performance of linear and non-linear DTI registration algorithms for atlas based fiber tract analysis. In recent years, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has become the modality of choice to investigate white matter pathology in the developing brain.